Collatz

The Collatz conjecture is one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics. The conjecture asks whether repeating two simple arithmetic operations will eventually transform every positive integer into 1.

### Hailstone numbers
The sequence of integers generated by Collatz conjecture are called Hailstone Numbers. Examples: Input : N = 7 Output : Hailstone Numbers: 7, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 No.

### Iteration
The action or a process of iterating or repeating: such as. : a procedure in which repetition of a sequence of operations yields results successively closer to a desired result.

### Undecidable problems
An undecidable problem is one that should give a "yes" or "no" answer, but yet no algorithm exists that can answer correctly on all inputs.

### Unsolvable problems
An unsolvable problem is one for which no algorithm can ever be written to find the solution.

Iteration:

a repeating portion of an algorithm, repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met

Iteration Statements:

change the sequential flow of control by repeating a set of statements zero or more times, until a stopping condition is met

Repeat Until:

if the condition evaluates to true initially, the loop body is not executed at all, due to the condition being checked before the loop.

Traversing Lists:

where all elements in the list are accessed, or a partial traversal, where only a portion of elements are accessed (can be a complete traversal)

A procedure:

is a named set of instructions that can take in parameters and return values.
May be called "method" or "function" in different programming languages.

Parameters:

are independent variables used in the procedure to produce a result. It allows a procedure to execute without initially knowing specific input values.
Procedures can be classified as sequencing, selection, and iteration. How?

Modularity

the practice of breaking a complex program into smaller, independent parts or modules that can be used and reused in different parts of the program

Abstraction

the practice of hiding the details of how a particular code or system works and exposing only the essential features or functions that are necessary for other parts of the program to use

Duplication

having multiple duplicate code blocks, often decreasing readability and efficiency

Logic

the sequence of steps and operations that a computer follows to execute a program, including the specific instructions and decision-making processes built into the code

Procedure

a module of code that is created to complete a certain task, this is basically a function

Procedure Name

the name that is given to a function/procedure

Parameters

a variable that is used in a function to allow for data to be imported into a function

Arguments

a way to provide information to a function, usually defined outside a function and then imported into a function with parameters

Selection:

A selection is a decision or a question. At some point in the program, the computer may need to ask a question because it has reached a point where there are one or more options available

Algorithm:

It is like a recipe. It is lines of codes that a computer follows to solve a problem

Condition:

They are basically a decision making statement in code.

Operators:

AND:

returns true if both of the values being compared are true and returns false if either of the values are false.

OR:

Returns true if either of the conditions are true. And returns false if both of the conditions are false.

NOT:

Returns true if the following condition is false. Returns false if it is true.

Bits

It is a binary digit such as 1,2,4,8 and so on

Bytes

A byte is a unit of memory data equal to either seven or eight bits

Hexadecimal / Nibbles

Hexadecimal is a base/positional number system used in mathematics and computer science. They are used to denote colors as well.

Binary Numbers: Unsigned Integer

An unsigned integer, has a non negative numeric integer value, and it has an encoding.

Signed Integer

Signed integers are numbers with a “+” or “-“ sign.

Floating Point

The floating-point family of data types represents number values with fractional parts.

Binary Data Abstractions: Boolean

A boolean is basically a true or false thing.

ASCII

The ASCII code table consists of a comprehensive structure consisting of three sections:

Non-printable: Non-printable codes consist of system codes between 0 and 31.
Lower ASCII: Lower ASCII consists of system codes from 32 to 127. ...
Higher ASCII: Higher ASCII consists of codes from 128 to 255. This is the portion of the ASCII table that is programmable.

Unicode

Unicode Standard provides a unique number for every character, no matter what platform, device, application or language

RGB

Programming - Colors Colors or RGB RGB Colors All colors on a computer are made up by combining the light from three colors (red, blue, and green). Black is [0,0,0], and White is [255, 255, 255]; Gray is any [x,x,x] where all the numbers are the same

Data Compression: Lossy

Lossy data compression is used to compress larger files into smaller files

Lossless

Lossless compression reduces a file's size with no loss of quality

Variables

variables are basically anything that can be assigned to a value

Data Types

A data type is a classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable.

Managing Complexity with Variables: Lists

Managing complexity is all about being able to absorb the complexity and chaos around you while operating with clarity and focus

2D Lists

The 2D list refers to a list of lists, i.e. each row of the list is another list

Dictionaries

A dictionary is a general-purpose data structure for storing a group of objects. A dictionary has a set of keys and each key has a single associated value. When presented with a key, the dictionary will return the associated value.

Class

A class is nothing but a template or a blueprint for a data type.

Algorithms

An algorithm is a set of commands that must be followed for a computer to perform calculations or other problem-solving operations.

Expressions

In programming, an expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a value.

Comparison Operators

Just like Arithmetic Operators, we also have comparison operators or Relational Operators. These are just two names of the same thing. The comparison operators compare two operands and return a boolean value (True or False).

Booleans Expressions and Selection

Boolean logic is used in selection to test conditions.

Booleans Expressions and Iteration

Boolean logic is a form of algebra where all values are either True or False.

Truth Tables

A truth table is a tabular representation of all the combinations of values for inputs and their corresponding outputs

Characters

characters are simple alphabets like a,b,c,d etc. but with exception that numbers can also be characters if they are put in quotation marks.

Strings

A string is any series of characters that are interpreted literally by a script. For example, "hello world" and "LKJH019283" are both examples of strings.

Length

length is the number of elements

Concatenation

concatentation is the operation of joining two strings together

Upper

upper () method returns the uppercase string from the given string.

Lower

lower () method returns the lowercase string from the given string.

Traversing Strings

Traversing a String refers to going through the characters of the string

Python If

If statement in Python is an eminent conditional loop statement that can be described as an entry-level conditional loop, where the condition is defined initially before executing the code.

Elif

It is the same thing as the function if and then else in python but combined into one word.

Else conditionals

else statement The else statement is the default statement of all the conditional expressions, in all programming languages

Nested Selection Statements

Nested selection When using selection, the number of possible paths at a decision point can be increased by including one selection within another.

Python For

Python For loop is used for sequential traversal i.e. it is used for iterating over an iterable like String, Tuple, List, Set or Dictionary

While loops with Range with List

Similar to for loops, you can use while loops to iterate over iterables, such as lists of numbers

Combining loops with conditionals to Break

The most common use for break is when some external condition is triggered (usually by testing with an if statement), requiring a hasty exit from a loop

Continue

It helps skip the remaining part of the loop.

Procedural Abstraction

Procedural abstraction is all about generalising doing some action. A procedure is called, performs the action, and is then finished.

Python Def procedures

defines what the function or the lines of code that follows it

Return Values

A return value is a result of the function's execution

All of these definitions and Vocab can be seen in my Notes and/or Hacks. But having all of them in one place helps me find them easily and I can access them quickly without having to look for it a lot and wasting time :)